Reliqui Papua Barat Yang Semakin Rumit
Semakin
hari semakin berat dan menantang saja perjalanan ini. perjalanan yang tinggal beberapa langkah lagi
menginjak garis finish. Academic Writing
atau Writing 4 adalah nama perlombaan atau mungkin lap yang harus saya dan
teman – teman lainnya lewati. Senin, 5
April 2014 lembar baru argumentative essay dibuka, tentunya dengan coach handal
Mr. Lala Bumela.
Mr.
Lala mendefinisikan argumentative essay sebagai berikut:
a. Reasoning
not Emotion
Jadi
dalam menulis argumentative essay kita harus
lebih memantapkan alasan (reason) akan tetapi alasan yang kita ungkapkan
dalam essay tersebut janganlah alasan – alasan yang bersifat emosional. Maksudnya ketika dihadapkan kepada
permasalahan Papua Barat dan kita mendukung bahwa Papua Barat harus tetap
bersama Indonesia maka alasan – alasan yang mampu membuat orang membaca tulisan
kita terpengaruh. Jangan gunakan alasan
– alasan yang menyangkut emosi kita, seperti: “karena saya suka Papua Barat”
itu akan menjadikan essay kita tak bernyawa dan tak akan mempu mempengaryhi
pembaca.
b. Definite
Evidence
Tentu
point ini menjadikan argumentative essay kita menjadi lebih terisi ruhnya. Pasalnya argumentative essay adalah essay
yang ditulis untuk membuat pembaca terpengaruh oleh argument – argument
kita. Jika alasan – alasan yang kita
torehkan dalam essay tersebut sudah mantap namun tanpa diimbangi dengan bukti –
bukti yang fakrual dan akurat maka ruh dari alasan itu akan lenyap. Pembaca akan mudah terpengaruh atau meyakini
essay kita apabila dalam essay tersebut terdapat bukti – bukti yang nyata dan
tentu saja berhubungan erat dengan
alasan – alasan yan gkita sajikan.
c. Work
Thesis
Jika
alasan sudah tertata rapi dan bukti – bukti untuk memperkuat alasan kita sudah
terkumpul maka poin yang perlu diperhatikan agar penulisan argumentative essay
bisa lebih sempurna adalah work thesis.
Artinya kita harus gunakan thesis statement yang benar – benar
berfungsisehingga pembaca sudah mengerti apa yang akan penulis paparkan hanya
dengan membaca kalimat awalnya. Thesis
statement yang benar dalam penulisan argumentative essay adalah adanya opini
didampingi dengan alasan besar.
Dari
web yang say abaca argumentative essay memiliki definisi sebagai berikut:
“argumrntative
essay is an essay in which students basically suggest a problem, formulate a
thesis out of the problem, provide sound reasons for the thesis, propose some
situations, and draw a conclusion (Nasbat – English)
Argumentative
essay kita kali ini masih membahas tentang Papua Barat, dan ternyata sebelum
saya dan teman – teman saya membuat essay tersebut kami harus mencari tahu
sejarah Papua Barat sebelum 1945. Apa
yang dilakukan Belanda 1945 – 1960an?
Serta mengenai apa politik yang
digunakan Belanda sehingga mampu membuat Negara boneka?
Sejak tahun 1866 Pulau Papua berada dalam penjajahan
3 (tiga) negera Eropa,
yakni : Belanda, Inggris dan Jerman.
Bagian sebelah
timur Pulau Papua -yang oleh bangsa Eropa lebih dikenal dengan nama Papua
New Guinea dikuasai oleh Jerman dan Inggris.Setelah melalui Trustee PBB /Trust
Territory of new Guinea, kedua wilayah tersebut lalu dipercayakan kepada Australia dan
Administrasinya dijadikan satu dalam Territory of Papua New Guine. Sedangkan
bagian barat
Pulau Papua -yang oleh bangsa Eropa lebih dikenal dengan nama West
Papua- dikuasai oleh Belanda dan diberi nama Netherland
New Guinea.
Penentuan tapal
batas ketiga wilayah kekuasaan itu (antara wilayah Jerman dan Belanda dan
antara Jerman dan Inggris di Pulau Papua) dikuatkan melalui Deklarasi Raja Prusia
tanggal, 22 Mei 1885. Dengan deklarasi ini dan juga karena tidak ada klaim dari
pihak lain maka status Papua bagian barat sah sebagai milik Belanda dan tidak
perlu menunggu pengakuan dari siapapun.
17 Maret 1910
Belanda menetapkan Hollandia (sekarang Jayapura) sebagai
ibukota Nederland Nieuw Guinea. Nama ibukota itu (Hollandia)
diberikan oleh Kapten Sachse. Kota
pantai dengan geografinya yang berteluk itu sangat mirip dengan garis
pantai utara negeri Belanda. (Hollandia
dari kata Hol= lengkung atau teluk, dan Land = tanah).
Belanda pada 24 Agust 1928 diploklamirkan
diteluk periton di Manokwari saat itulah Belanda memulai suatu aktivitas
pemerintahan Nueva Guinea. System
penjajahan yang Belanda gunakan dalam menjajah Papua Barat adalah pemberdayaan warga
setempat.
Lalu apa yang sebenarnya terjadi di Papua Barat sebelum 1945? Berikut pemaparannya:
1. Before 1828
Papuans
occupied the Sahul continent (now partly submerged, see 1,
2,
3)
at least 40,000 years ago. As hunting-and-gathering peoples whose ways of life
were adapted to tropical rain forest, they occupied the equatorial zone that,
after sea levels rose at the end of the Pleistocene glacial period, became the
vast island of New Guinea.
In 1509 the Portuguese visit Melaka (formerly
Malacca, West Malaysia) for the first time, withthe goal to take control of
trade. Later trade empires would include Gowa (on Celebes), Banten (Bantam,
former city and sultanate of Java), and the Dutch VOC or East India Company.
The original goal of all of them was money before political power, but they did
not always stick to their original goal.
New Guinea was probably first sighted by Portuguese
Antonio d’Abreu aboard the Santa Caterina in the Fall of 1511. It was first
visited either by the Portuguese Jorge de Meneses, driven on his way from Gowa
to Ternate in 1526 to take shelter at "Isla Versija" (which has been
identified with Warsia, a place on the N.W. coast, but may possibly be the
island of Waigeo; he stayed till May 1527); or by the Spaniard Alvaro de S.
Ceron Saavedra in April 1528, who stayed there for 30 days due to lack of wind.
The Dutch East Indies Company (Vereenigde
Oostindische Compagnie, VOC; 1602-1799) had been granted many of the powers of
a sovereign state by the government of the Netherlands, partly because
communication between the Netherlands and Asia was so slow that colonial
activities simply could not be directed from Amsterdam. In 1605 the VOC send an
expedition east from Bantam, the ship Duyfken poked about the southern side of
New Guinea in search of sources of gold and in 1642 Abel Tasman explored its
coasts for the VOC, on a voyage back from New Zealand. For the VOC New Guinea
had little interest. They hoped that the Sultans of Tidore (like Ternate, an
ancient and powerful sultanate, under Dutch rule since 1654 but recognizing the
sultan's nominal power) would lessen piracy and stop Spain and England from
using it as a base to reach the Spice Islands.
In 1610 the VOC creates the post of Governor-General
for the Dutch East Indies, a position which lasts till 1941. The first European
attempt at colonization of New Guinea was made in 1793 by Lieutenant John
Hayes, a British naval officer, near Manokwari. Early attempts at settlement by
British and Dutch failed due to disease and the hostility of the Papuan people.
March 17, 1824: The British and Dutch sign
"Treaty of London" and divide the Indies. The Dutch claim Sumatra,
Java, Maluku, Irian Jaya; the British claim Malaya and Singapore, and retain an
interest in North Borneo. Aceh is supposed to remain independent. Many of the
boundaries defined in this treaty would later become boundaries of the Republic
of Indonesia.
2.
1828 – 1941 Craved Up
The
Dutch claimed the area West of 141° East longitude, on August 24, 1828, by proclamation. Netherlands East Indies (present day
Indonesia) was first named "Indonesia" by a German geographer in
1884, although this name is thought to derive from Indos Nesos, "Indian
Islands," in the ancient trading language of the region.
When
the island was carved up between the Netherlands, Britain and Germany, none of
these nations had an administrative presence. Late in the century, spurred on
by British and German activity in the east, Holland established an
administrative post in Manokwari and Fakfak in 1898 and Merauke in 1902 and
continued to maintain its 15 outposts in Dutch New Guinea until the Japanese
invasion in 1941 Haji Misbach an Islamic Commmunist was exiled by the Dutch to
Iruan in 1927, about 1300 communists were imprisoned in Irian after an
unprising in Java.
3.
World War II: 1941 – 1945
New Guinea dominates the Solomons and the western sea lanes to Australia.
To control New Guinea is to control the Island Continent, so the battle for New
Guinea is the battle for Australia. To regain control of New Guinea the Allies
(Americans & Australians) had to eject the Japanese from 1,200 miles of
fortified coastline. 13,000 Japanese died here; 2,100 Australians died and
3,500 were wounded; and 2,000 Americans died and 950 were wounded.
The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). After the bombing of Australia's harbor Darwin in February 1942, they set up headquarters in Buna and the allied headquarters were in Port Moresby.
The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). After the bombing of Australia's harbor Darwin in February 1942, they set up headquarters in Buna and the allied headquarters were in Port Moresby.
4.
1945 – 1962
Dengan berakhirnya Perang
Dunia II pada tahun 1945 , negara tetangga Indonesia dengan cepat menyatakan
kemerdekaan dari Belanda pada tahun yang sama dan mengklaim Papua Barat , Timor
Timur , Sarawak , Brunei dan Kalimantan Utara sebagai bagian dari wilayahnya .
Pada tanggal 27 Desember 1949 Indonesia memperoleh kemerdekaan penuh dari
Belanda dan berusaha untuk mengklaim dan mendapatkan Papua Barat sebagai bagian
dari kebangsaan nya .
Belanda mempertahankan kehadiran kolonial
di Papua Barat dan siap untuk membawa kemerdekaannya . Negosiasi saat ini
antara Belanda dan Indonesia termasuk partisipasi aktif dari Papua Barat
termasuk Ketua saat ini OPM Mr Moses Werror . Melalui Indonesia tahun 1950-an
terus-menerus dipertahankan klaim mereka ke Papua dan ketika diundang untuk
mempresentasikan klaim mereka ke Mahkamah Internasional Hukum menurun ,
mengingat fakta bahwa mereka tidak memiliki klaim hukum pada setiap bagian dari
Kota New Guinea . West New Guinea berada di bawah pendudukan Belanda dari tahun
1949 sampai 1962.
1956: New Guinea becomes part of "the Kingdom
of the Netherlands" constitution.
Irian may be an abbreviation for ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland ("join the Republic of Indonesia anti the Netherlands")
1957: Sukarno unifies power in his own person.
1957: Australia and Holland work closely together to define a blueprint for West Papuan independence. The principles were as follows:
1. The Netherlands and Australian Governments base their policies with regard to the territories of New Guinea, for which they are responsible, on the interests and inalienable rights of their inhabitants to conformity with the provisions and the spirit of the United Nation charter.
2. The territories of Netherlands New Guinea, the Australian Trust Territory of New Guinea and Papua, are geographically and ethnically related and future development of their respective populations must benefit from co-operation in policy and administration.
3. The Australian and Netherlands governments are therefore pursuing, and will continue to pursue, policies directed toward the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the peoples in the territories in a manner which recognizes this ethnological and geographical affinity.
4. At the same time, the two governments will continue, and strengthen, the co-operation existing between their respective administrations in the territories.
5. In so doing the two governments are determined to promote an uninterrupted development of this process. Unfortunately this positive statement toward self determination was never signed.
1961: a West Papuan Council (Nieuw Guinea Raad) is elected, a national anthem composed, a flag designed and 1970 set as the date for West Papuan independence. This infuriated Indonesia and it duly responded by sending in an invasion force of 1,419 guerilla soldiers, with the intention of sending in a main invasion force later. War between Holland and Indonesia appeared inevitable with the likelihood of Australia becoming involved.
1961 proclamation of independence by an armed nationalist group, the Free Papua Movement (OPM, Organisasi Papua Merdeka).
Irian may be an abbreviation for ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland ("join the Republic of Indonesia anti the Netherlands")
1957: Sukarno unifies power in his own person.
1957: Australia and Holland work closely together to define a blueprint for West Papuan independence. The principles were as follows:
1. The Netherlands and Australian Governments base their policies with regard to the territories of New Guinea, for which they are responsible, on the interests and inalienable rights of their inhabitants to conformity with the provisions and the spirit of the United Nation charter.
2. The territories of Netherlands New Guinea, the Australian Trust Territory of New Guinea and Papua, are geographically and ethnically related and future development of their respective populations must benefit from co-operation in policy and administration.
3. The Australian and Netherlands governments are therefore pursuing, and will continue to pursue, policies directed toward the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the peoples in the territories in a manner which recognizes this ethnological and geographical affinity.
4. At the same time, the two governments will continue, and strengthen, the co-operation existing between their respective administrations in the territories.
5. In so doing the two governments are determined to promote an uninterrupted development of this process. Unfortunately this positive statement toward self determination was never signed.
1961: a West Papuan Council (Nieuw Guinea Raad) is elected, a national anthem composed, a flag designed and 1970 set as the date for West Papuan independence. This infuriated Indonesia and it duly responded by sending in an invasion force of 1,419 guerilla soldiers, with the intention of sending in a main invasion force later. War between Holland and Indonesia appeared inevitable with the likelihood of Australia becoming involved.
1961 proclamation of independence by an armed nationalist group, the Free Papua Movement (OPM, Organisasi Papua Merdeka).
5. After
1969 : West Irian
July
15-August 2 1969: Village councils in Irian Jaya, under pressure from Opsus
special forces in the region, vote in favor of joining Indonesia.
September 17, 1969: Irian Jaya is formally made a province of Indonesia.
In 1975 and 1977, some refugees from Maluku who had fought against the Republic of Indonesia as "Republik Maluku Selatan" (RMS) took hostages in terrorist incidents in the Netherlands. In spite of the heavy media coverage of these events, the actions drew little support inside Indonesia, partly because so many RMS supporters had fled to the Netherlands in the early 1950s.
September 17, 1969: Irian Jaya is formally made a province of Indonesia.
In 1975 and 1977, some refugees from Maluku who had fought against the Republic of Indonesia as "Republik Maluku Selatan" (RMS) took hostages in terrorist incidents in the Netherlands. In spite of the heavy media coverage of these events, the actions drew little support inside Indonesia, partly because so many RMS supporters had fled to the Netherlands in the early 1950s.
August
26, 1975: UDT takes control in Timor by coup; the Portuguese (who had first
arrived in 1515, with a continuous presence since 1700) simply left. In
November Fretilin declares independence, demands withdrawal of Indonesian
units. In December Indonesia launches a full invasion of East Timor. May 31,
1976: "People's Assembly" in East Timor declares for integration with
Indonesia. July 17, 1976: East Timor officially becomes an Indonesian province.
September 16, 1975: Papua New Guinea gaines independence.
September 16, 1975: Papua New Guinea gaines independence.
In
1991. The Unrepresented
Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is founded in by representatives of
occupied nations, indigenous peoples, minorities, and other disenfranchised
peoples who currently struggle to preserve their cultural identities, protect
their basic human rights, safeguard the environment or regain their lost
countries.
January 3, 2000. During a visit to Irian Jaya over the weekend, Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid agreed that the easternmost province would revert to its former name of West Papua. "As for an independent Papua state ... I will not tolerate efforts to build a country within a country", he said.
January 3, 2000. During a visit to Irian Jaya over the weekend, Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid agreed that the easternmost province would revert to its former name of West Papua. "As for an independent Papua state ... I will not tolerate efforts to build a country within a country", he said.
6. Apa
Kabar Papua Barat Hari Ini?
Akhir
– akhir ini Papua Barat kembali
menyatakan ingin merdeka. Alasannya
karena pemerintah Indonesia yang mengendalikan Papua Barat secara remote dari
Jakarta, yang tidak pernah mau membuka dialog dengan rakyat Papua Barat. Sehingga pemerintah pusat tidak memahami
keadaan seperti apa yang dialami oleh rakyat Papua Barat. Berbeda dengan Gus Dur yang bersedia membuka
dialog dengan rakyat Papua Barat dan dengan OPM. Gus Dur juga lah yang mengubah nama Irian
Jaya menjadi Papua Barat. Di era
sekarang masyarakat Papua Barat heran, kenapa pemerintah mau berdialog dengan
GAM tapi tidak dengan OPM.
Keinginan
memerdekakan diri Papua Barat sempat meredup, namun kembali mambara pada saat
pemimpin OPM Theys Eluay terbunuh di mobil 11 November 2001. Keinginan untuk
merdeka semakin menggebu – gebu tatkala presiden RI SBY menyatakan “ kalian
“Papua Barat” boleh merdeka asalkan jangan di era kepemimpinan saya (11 – 12 –
2011). SBY menyatakan hal tersebut
ketika bertemu dengan para pemimpin agama dari Papua Barat.
Atas
dasar pernyataan tersebut masyarakat Papua Barat yakin bahwa setelah pemilu
2014 mereka bisa merdeka dari Indonesia.
apakah kita (Indonesia) rela?
Rela kehilanhan salah satu dari saudara kita? Kita harus mempertahankan Papua Barat tapi
jangan dilandasi oleh sifat – sifat meterialistis. Seperti alasan yang saya tulis dalam outline
kemarin.
Jika
kita melihat dari sejarah bagaimana perjuangan para pahlawan Indonesia yang
berhasil merangkul Papua Barat apakah kita semudah itu bisa melepas Papua
Barat? Jika kita lepaskan Papua Barat
apakah nasib saudara – saudara kita yang di sana akan jauh lebih baik? Sungguh pilihan yang sulit memang, namun kita
harus memilih untuk tetap menjadikan Papua Barat bagian dari Indonesia,
keluarga kita. Ini juga yang membuat
saya kewalahan dalam membuat outline saya yang masih membutuhkan perbaikan di
mana – mana. Mulai dari thesis statement
sampai reasoning.
Akan
tetapi dengan kondisi outline yang masih compang – camping minggu depan outline
tersebut harus disihir menjadi sebuah essay yang utuh. Tentu saja essaynya mengenai Papua
Barat. Benar – benar pertautan dua
materi yang sama – sama sulit.
References
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