Class Review 9

Cronology of History of West Papua

“History is a set of lies agreed upon.”

—Napoleon Bonaparte.

Created by: Aulia Priangan

 

            Setiap hal di muka bumi ini pasti memiliki sejarah. Sejarah selalu bersanding dengan semua yang ada di Bumi. Tak mengherankan mempelajari sejarah laksana melihat awan yang bergelantung di langit. Jika tidak diteliti secara mendetail, tentu kita akan menganggap bahwa awan itu seperti permen kapas, lembut dan halus. Layaknya seperti mempelajari sejarah yang hanya mengetahui permukaannya saja, hanya sebatas itu. Berbeda ketika telah meneliti tentang awan, kita dapat mengetahui struktur aslinya. Begitu pula dengan sejarah. Ketika diteliti lebih mendetail, kebenaran-kebenaran yang tertutupi akan terungkap. Seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Napoleon Bonaparte, sejarah memang seperti kebohongan-kebohongan masa lalu yang disepakati. Ada beberapa scene yang direkayasa dan disembunyikan kebenarannya dari khalayak umum. Sehingga menyebabkan orang-orang percaya pada cerita sejarah yang tutun temurun.

Masih bergelut dengan sejarah. Pertemuan kedua setelah sesi pengasingan kami, 5 Mei 2014 membahas tentang sejarah wilayah paling timur dari bumi pertiwi. Wilayah tersebut sekarang bernama Papua Barat. Papua Barat merupakan wilayah yang sering dilanda konflik. Konflik tersebut bermunculan karena adanya nasionalisme ganda di sana, yakni nasionalisme Indonesia dan nasionalisme Papua Barat. Seperti yang telah dibahas dalam ‘Trivia Quiz’ sebelumnya bahwa sebelum melepaskan Papua, Belanda telah menanamkan nasionalisme ganda di bumi cendrawasih tersebut. Belanda melaksanakan hal tersebut guna menghancurkan Indonesia dari dalam. Belanda berniat menjadikan nasionalisme ganda tersebut sebagai bom waktu yang dapat memecahkan persatuan negara Indonesia.

Papua Barat kembali berintegrasi dengan Indonesia pada tanggal 1 Mei 1963. Telah 51 tahun Papua Barat beritegrasi dengan Ibu Pertiwi. Banyak sekali sejarah pengintegrasian kembali Papua Barat ke pangkuan Ibu Pertiwi. Akan tetapi, sejarah Papua Barat sebelum kemerdekaan Indonesia sedikit atau kurang disoroti oleh khalayak ramai. Sejarah itu seolah tidak ada yang melirik. Oleh karenanya, berikut ini adalah kronologis sejarah Papua Barat sebelum Indonesia memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya pada 17 Agustus 1945.

Pre 1945 NOTE For a comprehensive overview of exploration in New Guinea before 1828, see Papuaweb's digital version of Wichmann's 1909 account in Nova Guinea, Vol.1 (text in German). 1581-2 Migel Rojo de Brito visits the Raja Ampat Islands, the MacCluer/Bintuni Gulf, and North Seram in a search for gold. [jt] 1605 VOC begins sending expeditions to the Moluccas and the so-called Papuan Islands. [jt] 1623 Jan Carstensz travels from Aru to West New Guinea to find a passage north to the Pacific Ocean. He glimpses snow-caps on what he believed to be the mountainous interior of Seram. [jt] 1642 Tasman explores the western shores of West New Guinea for the VOC on his voyage back from New Zealand. [pd] 1654 Captain Frederik Gommersdorp lands at Rumbati at the Onin Peninsula. Perhaps Antony Adriaansz. Multum was there before because upon his return to Banda in 1656, Multum told that he had lived on the Karas Islands at south coast of the Onin Peninsula for three years. [jt] 1660 The Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) recognises the sultan of Tidore’s (nominal) sovereignty over the island of New Guinea and thus gains the rights to collect labour and forest products from West New Guinea. [jt] 1662 Willem Buis, together with Multum, travels to Onin to collect manpower. [jt] 1663 Council of Justice, Nicolaes Vinck does a preliminary survey of the north and south coast of what later is called the MacCluer Gulf. He lands at Goras, Sekar, and Patipi at the Onin Peninsula. [jt] 1678 Captain Johannes Keyts travels with three ships to Onin, visits the Arguni Bay and places VOC flags at Fatagar and Kilbati. [jt] 1700 William Dampier lands at the Karas Islands, travels around the island of Salawati and maps the strait between the islands of Batanta and Waigeo. [jt] 1730 Corporal Wiggers joins a hongi raid to Onin during which 178 people were captured, 53 are killed and three villages are burned. [jt] 1791 Captain John MacCluer maps the MacCluer Gulf. [jt] 1814 The sultans of Ternate and Tidore agree that the west coast of New Guinea falls under sovereign authority of the sultan of Tidore, which marks the first formal Dutch claim on this land. [jt] 1824 March 17 Treaty of London in which the Dutch and the British agree upon division of the Indies. The Dutch get Sumatra, Java, Maluku, West New Guinea, and the British get Malaya and Singapora and retain an interest in North Borneo. [pd] 1828 Triton expedition to New Guinea leads to the construction of the fortress Du Bus and the first Dutch settlement, Merkusoord, in the Triton Bay. Within a few months the fortress and the settlement are attacked by local people and after eight years of suffering from diseases and regular confrontation with the local people, the Dutch left the place in 1836. [jt] 1848 Governor-General J.J. Rochussen decides that the 141st meridian marks the eastern border of Netherlands New Guinea. D.J. van den Dungen Gronovius travels around the coast to place escutcheons. Leading a large hongi fleet, he also travels along the north and south coast of the Kepala Burung in 1849. [jt] 1854 Dutch government restricts hongi raids, fully banning them six or seven years later. [jt] 1855 Beginning of missionisation of West New Guinea. The German missionaries Carl W. Ottow and Johann G. Geissler land on the island of Mansinam in Cenderawasih Bay. [jt] 1858 Lieutenant F.R. Toewater goes on a mission with the vessel ‘Phoenix’ to punish the villagers of Kapitoear and Sisir at the south coast of Onin who are suspected of resistance and theft to the disadvantage of VOC traders. [jt] 1863 Dr H.A. Bernstein collects material culture for the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. He visits the islands of Batanta, Salawati, Doom, Ram, and Tjiof and Remu and Cape Sele at the mainland. [jt] 1865 First official inauguration of an Arguni raja at Tidore. [jt] 1871 Government commissioner P. van der Crab and botanist J.E. Teysmann travel to Onin and into the MacCluer Gulf. Van der Crab reports that many traders from Seram are active in the Bintuni Bay. [jt] 1872 Former Resident J.C. Coorengel travels into the MacCluer Gulf and visits rajas along the coasts of Bintuni Bay (Bergh 1964a: 32). 1872 The botanists Odoardo Beccari and Luigi d’Albertis visit the Arfak mountains in the north-east of the Kepala Burung. [jt] 1873 The pearler Captain Edwin Redlich on the brig ‘Franz’ sends his first mate and seventeen men off in two small boats at the south-west coast of the Kepala Burung on 12 November. In December, the raja of Salawati reports to Redlich that they had been killed and eaten by people on the Klabra River. [jt] 1873 The naturalist Adolf Bernard Meyer claims to be the first to have crossed the isthmus that connects the Kepala Burung with Kowiai and Onin. [jt] 1884 The British and German governments acknowledge the 141st meridian east as the western boundary of their possessions, accepting the Dutch assertions of 1828. [jt] 1888 Former Resident of Ternate, F.S.A. de Clerq travels with the ‘Java’ to West New Guinea and visits the south coast of Bintuni Bay. [jt] 1898 Establishment of government stations in Manokwari and Fak-fak. [jt] 1901 Inspector P.E. Moolenburgh crosses the isthmus that connects the Kepala Burung with Kowiai and Onin. [jt] 1902-3 The linguist J.S.A. van Dissel organises three trips across the Onin Peninsula/ [jt] 1902-5 J.W. van Hille, Inspector of Fak-fak and first government official of western West New Guinea, explores (partly together with the commander of the vessel ‘Jawa’, J.N.W. Kuyl) the north coast of the MacCluer Gulf. [jt] 1909 Assistant-Resident F.H. Dumas at Fak-fak appoints two Onin leaders to serve the government at Yahadian (Kais River) and Segei (presently Inanwatan) with a platoon of armed police men at their disposal. [jt] 1910 Revolt in Bira (now Inanwatan). [jt] 1911 Missionary H.D. Starrenburg of the Utrechtse Zendingsvereniging travels through the MacCluer Gulf and the Bintuni Bay to Fak-fak. [jt] 1911 Missionary J. van Muijlwijk settles at Fak-fak to co-ordinate missionary activities in west West New Guinea. [jt] 1916 The Utrechtse Zendingsvereniging missionaries D.C.A. Bout and J. Wetstein travel to Bintuni with the vessel ‘Jong-Holland’. [jt] 1927 Construction of the Boven Digul internment camp for Indonesian nationalists. [jt] 1936 Beginning of oil exploration in the MacCluer Gulf area with Babo as base-camp. Oil was also found near Klamono (Western Kepala Burung), followed by Mogoi in 1939 and Wasian in 1941, both in the east of the Kepala Burung). [jt] 1937 The Officer in Charge for the Sorong region, S. van der Goot, explores the northern Kepala Burung and travels across the Kladuk River to the Klawilis Rivier down to the south coast. Van der Goot returns to the area with the Denison-Crockett expedition to Sainkeduk (where the Crockett family stayed). [jt] 1937 Establishment of the Central Kepala Burung garrison in Mefkadjim (Ayamaru) under command of the military captain, G.F. van Duin as of March. [jt] 1938 ‘Discovery’ of the Baliem Valley by the Richard Archbold expedition. [jt] 1939 S. van der Goot and Inspector Meylinck travel from Amberbaken at the north coast of the Kepala Burung to Ayamaru and from there to the west coast. During this trip Meylinck is killed by a shot from his own gun. [jt] 1939 Successful strike of oil in Mogoi, near Bintuni. [jt] 1940 May 15 Netherlands Indies government declares a state of siege, and places the Indies on a wartime footing. [jt] 1941 Successful strike of oil in Wasian, near Bintuni. [jt] 1942-5 Occupation of most of the northern parts of West New Guinea by Japanese troops. The head of the Ayamaru sub-division, W.F. van den Berg, manages to stay aloof from the Japanese. In the North-western Kepala Burung, Sergeant M. Kokkelink and Sergeant-Major P.P. de Kock, successfully hide despite an unremitting Japanese hunt. [jt] 1944 April 22 Allied forces retake Hollandia [pd] 1944 May 9 Japanese commanders surrender and withdraw from West New Guinea. A Dutch appeal to offer resistance to the Japanese is followed by many local leaders throughout West New Guinea. In a couple of months the people chase away or kill all the Japanese in their regions. [jt] 1944 June 4 Japanese start a counterattack on Biak and the islands is finally cleared from Japanese on 8 September [pd] 1945 Proclamation of independence of Indonesia by Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta on 17 August. [jt]

Setelah mengetahui bagaimana sejarah Papua Barat sebelum tahun 1945, tentunya kita juga harus mengetahui sejarah sesudah tahun 1945. Hal ini karena sejarah harus dipelajari secara runtut dan mendalam. Berikut sejarah Papua Barat setelah 1945.

1945-1949
1945 August 17	Following the Japanese surrender at the end of the Second World War, Sukarno proclaims the inauguration of the Republic of Indonesia. Soon afterwards, British forces arrive to assume control until the Dutch return. [jfs]
1945 August 23	Sukarno declares a policy of a united Indonesia, 'From Sabang to Merauke'. [bab]
1946 October	Conference at Pangkalpinang, Bangka, attended by Dutch and Indonesian minority groups supportive of Dutch, to discuss possible refuge areas for Eurasians after Indonesian independence. West New Guinea was considered as one area. [bab]
1946 November 15	Linggadjati Agreement signed between the Dutch and representatives of the Indonesian Republic. Under the agreement, the republicans have sovereignty over Java, Madura and Sumatra while the Dutch retain sovereignty over the rest of the Netherlands East Indies including West New Guinea. Both sides pledge to cooperate to create a federal United States of Indonesia by 1 January 1949 in which the Indonesian Republic and the Dutch-controlled territories would be sovereign states with the Dutch queen as head. [jfs]
1946 November 15	Linggadjati Agreement signed, to provide for the establishment of the United States of Indonesia by January 1949. [bab]
1947 July 20	Dutch. launch a 'police action' involving 100,000 troops. They make substantial territorial gains in Java and Sumatra. However there is strong international condemnation of the Dutch action in the UN and elsewhere. [jfs]
1947 August 04	Dutch agree to a ceasefire. [jfs]
1947 August 26	U.S.A. proposes the Good Offices Committee. [bab]
1948 January	Dutch and Indonesians sign the Renville agreement recognising as a ceasefire line the furthest advance of Dutch forces into Republican territory. [jfs]
1948 September	PKI uprising in Madiun against Republican government is put down. [jfs]
1948 December 18	Dutch launch second 'police action'. While the Dutch make further military gains, the Indonesian army is not destroyed and international protest against the Netherlands grows. [jfs]
1948 December 19	Second Dutch Police Action. [bab]
1949 (late)	New government elected in Australia under Menzies; Menzies in favour of continued Dutch control of West New Guinea. [bab]
1949 July	The Netherlands incorporates the sultanate of Tidore which includes West New Guinea as directly-ruled Dutch territory. [bab]
1949 August 11	Under pressure from the US, the Dutch agree to another ceasefire. [jfs]
1949 August 23- November 2	Round table conference between the Dutch and Indonesians held at The Hague. Both sides agree to the establishment of a Republic of the United States of Indonesia (LTSI) with the Dutch queen as titular head, and Sukarno as President. [jfs]
1949 October	Lucas Rumkorem, Corinus Kery and Julianus Tarumaselly form a secret Independent Indonesian Party at Bosnik, Biak. [bab]
1949 November 27	The Hague Agreement. The Netherlands cedes sovereignty of the Netherlands East Indies to the Indonesian Republic, but keeps West New Guinea. The Netherlands together with the new Republic establish a Netherlands-Indonesian Union which is intended to work for the common interest. It is agreed that the status of West New Guinea will be decided in further talks to take place within a year. [jfs]
1949 December 27	Round Table Conference agreements reached. [bab]
1949 December 29	Dutch Government issued a Decree for the Administrative Regulation of New Guinea, establishing Dutch New Guinea as a separate territory. [bab]

1950-1959
1950 (mid)	The non-governmental Badan Perjuangan Irian (Irian Struggle Body) formed. [bab]
1950 March 09	Australian Foreign Minister Spender stressed the importance of New Guinea to Australian defence. [bab]
1950 April	Netherlands-Indonesian Union Conference held at Jakarta; the West New Guinea issue is to be decided later in 1950. [bab]
1950 August	Sukarno announces the formation of the unitary Indonesian Republic to replace the Indonesian Republic of the USI. [jfs]
1950 August 17	Sukarno puts West Irian in a prominent position in his Independence Day speech. [bab]
1950 August 29	Spender denies the Indonesian claim to West New Guinea [bab]
1950 September	The Netherlands and Indonesian delegations in the Ad Hoc Committee on West New Guinea submit separate reports to the United Nations. [bab]
1950 December	Netherlands-Indonesian Union talks at The Hague fail to resolve the question of West New Guinea's final status. [jfs]
1950 December 04	Netherlands-Indonesian Union Conference at The Hague; Netherlands demands that West New Guinea be allowed to exercise its future self-determination [bab]
1951 December	Netherlands-Indonesian Union Conference at The Hague.
1952 January	Dutch constitution amended to include West New Guinea. [jfs]
1952 January	Netherlands Constitution amended to include West New Guinea. [bab]
1953 July	Netherlands-Australian Co-operative Agreement signed. [bab]
1953 December	An Irian Bureau was established as part of the PM's office. [bab]
1954 August	Sunario-Luns Protocol, to slightly modify Round Table Conference agreements; no progress made on West New Guinea issue. [bab]
1954 November	Some Indonesian military incursions of a limited nature take place on fringe of West New Guinea. [bab]
1954 November 23- December 01	Eleven meetings of the First Committee of the United Nations regarding West New Guinea. [bab]
1954 November 30	UNGA rejects an Indonesian sponsored resolution on West New Guinea. [jfs]
1954 November 30	United Nations rejects Indonesian claims to West New Guinea. [bab]
1955 February	West Irian Liberators' Front established in Semarang. [bab]
1955 April 19-24	Asia-Africa Conference, Bandung. [bab]
1955 September 29	United Nations Committee discussion concerning the West New Guinea dispute; not raised at the 10th Assembly due to the forthcoming Netherlands-Indonesian talks. [bab]
1955 December	Dutch/Indonesian talks at The Hague fail to resolve their dispute over West New Guinea's future status. [jfs]
1955 December 10	Indonesia and the Netherlands resumed negotiations at The Hague. No progress was made on the West New Guinea issue as each side maintained its former position. [bab]
1956 January 07	Indonesia broke off negotiations when threatened by Moslem parties' opposition to talks. [bab]
1956 February	Further Dutch/Indonesian talks held in Geneva fail to resolve the West New Guinea dispute. [jfs]
1956 February 05	Indonesians and Dutch agreed to exchange prisoners. [bab]
1956 February 07-11	New talks held in Geneva; stalled on Indonesian claim that the Round Table Conference had already given West New Guinea to Indonesia. [bab]
1956 February 13	Burhanuddin Cabinet announced unilateral dissolution o the Netherlands-Indonesian Union. Financial agreements under the Round Table Conference abrogated. [bab]
1956 February 13	Indonesian government announces that it is unilaterally dissolving the Netherlands-Indonesian Union. [jfs]
1956 April 21	Indonesian parliament revokes the 1949 Hague Agreement. [jfs]
1956 August 16	Indonesia provides for an autonomous provincial government of West Irian, based in Tidore. [bab]
1956 October	UNGA rejects Indonesian sponsored resolution on West New Guinea. [jfs]
1956 October 08	Indonesia again requests discussion of the West New Guinea dispute at the United Nations; backed by fifteen countries. [bab]
1957 January	A petition signed by 400 Dutch citizens living in Indonesia is sent to the Dutch States-General calling for a rapid negotiated settlement of the West New Guinea dispute. [jfs]
1957 August	Indonesia backed by twenty other nations requests discussion of the West New Guinea question at the United Nations. 200 Papuans and 10 Dutch officials reported killed in an incident near Enarotali. [bab]
1957 November 06	Canberra and The Hague issue a joint statement on future cooperation in the development of both sides of New Guinea. [jfs]
1957 November 29	The UNGA votes again not to adopt an Indonesian sponsored resolution on West New Guinea. [jfs]
1957 November 29	United Nations rejects Indonesia's claims to West New Guinea. [bab]
1957 November 6	Joint Australian-Netherlands Agreement on the future of West New Guinea. [bab]
1957 December	Central Action Committee for the Liberation of West Irian established by Indonesia. [bab]
1957 December 02	Indonesian nationwide 24-hour strike to protest against Dutch retention of West New Guinea. [bab]
1957 December 02	National twenty‑four hour strike takes place in Indonesia protest at Dutch control of West New Guinea. [jfs]
1957 December 06	Dutch nationals living in Indonesia required to leave.
1957 December 06	Most of the 50,000 Dutch nationals living in Indonesia told to leave the country by the authorities. [jfs]
1958	A series of (US backed) regional rebellions break out in Sumatra and the Celebes against the central government in Jakarta. Government forces succeed in ending most of the rebellions by the end of 1958. [jfs]
1958 January	John Kerr proposes a Melanesian Federation consisting of Papua, New Guinea and the Solomons. National Front for the Liberation of West Irian set up by Nasution and the Army (lasted until 1960). [bab]
1958 October	Conference on Australian-Netherlands joint statement of 1957, held in Canberra. [bab]
1959	Elected regional councils begin to be set up by the Dutch in West New Guinea. [jfs]
1959 February 15	Casey-Subandrio Joint Statement. [bab]
1959 August 17	Sukarno's Independence Day speech outlining Guided Democracy. [bab]

Demikianlah kronologis sejarah Papua Barat sebelum proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia dan setelah proklamasi kemerdekaan. Dari sejak dahulu Belanda telah menguasai wilayah Papua Barat. Oleh karenana Papua barat mempunyai nasib yang sama dengan wilayah-wilayah di Indonesia. Hal ini karena negara Indonesia dibagun berdasarkan persamaan nasib, yakni dijajah oleh Belanda.

Pemaparan mengenai kronologis sejarah Papua Barat yang cukup panjang. Ternyata sejarah sebelum Indonesia memproklamasikan kedaulatannya terkadang sulit ditemukan di internet. Dengan mempelajari sejarah kita jadi memahami bagaimana para pahlawan yang berperang demi kedaulatan Indonesia. Seyogiyanya dengan mempelajari sejarah dapat menambah kecintaan kita terhadap Ibu Pertiwi.

Posted by Unknown at 7:53 AM